BSS underlying network EKF 1 Gaussian background model 1 ITS 1 ITS services 1 Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) 1 Kalman filter 1 RNN-based solver 1 Technology: general issues 1 XGBoost classifier 1 abnormal road surface 1 acceleration sensor 1 adaptive feature extractor 1 advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) 1 amplitude modulation 1 artificial neural networks 1 artificial potential field 1 automatic rail-surface-scratch recognition and computation 1 autonomous vehicle 1 bicycle sharing systems 1 complete closed mesh model 1 connected vehicles 1 contrast enhancement 1 convolutional neural networks 1 crash risk modeling 1 dark channel prior 1 data visualization 1 data-driven classification of trips 1 decentralized control 1 deep neural network 1