Crisis Responses, Competitiveness and Jobs

A lack of competitiveness has been identified by many as the underlying factor behind weak economic growth and high unemployment in Europe. The purpose of this report is to assess the issue of competitiveness in the EU and other advanced and emerging economies and to promote a clearer understanding...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal:	International Labour Office.
Autor Corporativo:	International Labour Office (-)
Formato:	Libro electrónico
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Geneva : International Labour Office 2015.
Colección:	EBSCO Academic eBook Collection Complete. Studies on Growth with Equit.
Acceso en línea:	Conectar con la versión electrónica
Ver en Universidad de Navarra:	https://innopac.unav.es/record=b3564834x*spi

Tabla de Contenidos:

Cover
Copyright
FOREWORD
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Unemployment rates, 1990s, 2007, 2010, 2014
Figure 1.2 Labour productivity growth for regions and selected countries
Figure 1.3 Nominal ULC, productivity and labour compensation, average annual growth rate, 1999
2012 (percentages)
Figure 1.4 U LC-REER dynamics in selected countries, 1999-2013
Figure 1.5 Employment rate and Global Competitiveness Index (1
lowest, 7
highest)prior to the crisis (2007)
Figure 1.6 GCI (1
lowest, 7
highest) in 2007 and annual compounded growth rateof employment between 2007 and 2013
Figure 1.7 Simulation of unilateral wage compression in two-country GEL
Figure 1.8 Current account of Eurozone 12 countries, 1999-2013
Figure 1.9 Decomposing current account into savings and investmentby sectors (2000-2007 average)
Figure 1.10 Long-term harmonized interest rates, January 2008 to June 2014
Figure 1.11 Change in growth decomposition between 2000-2007and 2011-2013 (annual averages) (
Figure 1.12 Change in saving and investment contributions to current account
Figure 2.1 Prosperity gap between EU-15 and Japan, the United States and BRIICS,selected years, 1995 to 2013
Figure 2.2 Prosperity gap within EU economies, selected years, 1995-2013
Figure 2.3 Decomposition of prosperity growth by labour productivityand labour utilization growth, 2006 and 2009
Figure 2.4 Correlation between labour productivityand broader indicators of competitiveness (2013)
Figure 2.5 Labour productivity growth (in Euros) in selected countries
Figure 2.6 Output per hour worked, EU-15 vs. United States, 2001-2013
Figure 2.7 Growth of nominal ULC and GDP per capita, 2000-2012
Figure 2.8 Relationship between price competitiveness and trade balance, 2006-2012.
Figure 2.9 Relationship between price competitiveness and export growth, 2006-2012
Figure 2.10 Nominal ULC in non-agricultural tradable sectors, 2000-2011
Figure 2.11 Trends in sectoral employment in the EU-28, 1991-2013
Figure 2.12 EU average annual growth of productivity and employment, 2007-2012
Figure 2.13 Trade opening with retraining in place
Figure 3.1 Change in jobs associated with GVC in EU-15, 2000-2007
Figure 3.2 Change in jobs associated with GVC in remaining EU economies, 2000-2007
Figure 3.3 Difference in hourly labour cost (Euros), 2004-2013 across the EU
Figure 3.4 Change in manufacturing and service sector jobs associated with GVC,2000-2007
Figure 3.5 Private sectors subject to boom-bust, 2001-2013
Figure 3.6 Impact of the sectorial employment structure on the probabilityof economic growth slowdowns and accelerations
Figure 3.7 E mployment change in sectors OPQR and total employment change, 2008-2013
Figure 3.8 Employment growth and ULC in selected service sectors
Figure 3.9 GVC employment share and growth (2011 relative to 2007)
Figure 3.10 Fundamental drivers of employment
Figure 3.11 Moderating effect of export diversification
Figure 4.1 Social protection expenditure EU-27, 2007
Figure 4.2 Employment and inverse poverty EU-27 (2007)
Figure 4.3 Social protection receipts EU-27, 2007
Figure 4.4 Changes in inverse poverty and changes in employment rates
Figure 4.5 Impact of trade opening on domestic economy
Figure 4.6 Inequality in gross market income and redistribution before and after the crisis
Figure 4.7 Expenditures on social protection and redistribution, 2007
Figure 4.8 Expenditures on social protection and redistribution, 2012
Figure 4.9 Employment rates and total labour costs before and after the crisis.
Figure 4.10 Employment and marginal tax rates of second earners (2012)
Figure 4.11 Employment by age group and marginal tax rates of primary earners (2012)
Figure 4.12 Total labour costs and social security contributions (2012)
Figure 4.13 Productivity and social protection expenditures
Figure 4.14 Social security contributions and tax revenue as a percentage of GDP (left)
social protection expenditures as a percentage of GDP (middle)
employment and inequality (right)
Figure 4.15 Unemployment response to negative demand and supply shock with and without EUI
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Correlation between average employment rate and GCI pillars (2007):R egression results
Table 1.2 Employment rate developments in the EU-28 since the crisis
Table 2.1 Overview of major competitiveness index frameworks
Table 2.2 Country rankings according to different measures of competitiveness (average 2006-2012)
Table 2.3 Spearman's rank correlation coefficientsapplied to different measures of competitiveness
Table 2.4 Share of non-agricultural private sector employment, excluding real estate,for selected countries, 2001-2011
Table 3.1 Export growth contribution and external balance change, 2000-2007
Table 3.2 Estimated determinants of GVC jobs
Table 4.1 Policy changes after the crisis
Table 4.2 GCI-ranking for relevant sub-indicators 2013
Table 4.3 GCI sub-indicators and productivity across Europe after the crisis: Unconditional correlations and partial correlations
LIST OF BOXES
Box 1.1 The ULC-REER
Box 1.2 Correlation between average employment rate and GCI pillars
Box 1.3 Wage moderation and demand
Box 1.4 Neoclassical predictions on financial integration
Box 2.1 Origins of the concept of competitiveness and modern use
Box 2.2 Europe's persistent productivity gap with the United States.
Box 3.1 Computing GVC-related jobs
Box 3.2 Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in intra-European value chains
Box 3.3 Sectorial employment and economic growth dynamics in EU countries
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Chapter 1 The Euro crisis,competitiveness and the labour market
Introduction
A. Competitiveness and labour markets
B. What led to the crisis?
C. Focus of the report
References
Chapter 2 Competitiveness and jobs
Introduction
A. Concept of competitiveness
B. Broader concepts of competitiveness
C. Conclusion and policy implications
References
Chapter 3 Competitiveness and jobs in the GVC
Introduction
A. Employment shares in global value chains
B. Employment and structural transformation
C. Decomposing drivers of job loss: The GEL model
D. Balanced and sustainable employment growth
Appendix A
References
Chapter 4 Social protection and competitiveness
Introduction
A. Divergence in social policies and competitiveness
B. Links between social protection, productivity and competitiveness
C. Restructuring social protection to improve competitiveness
Appendix A
References
Annex: The GEL model:Technical details.

Crisis Responses, Competitiveness and Jobs

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