Carcinogens and anticarcinogens in the human diet a comparison of naturally occurring and synthetic substances
| Autor Corporativo: | |
|---|---|
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Washington, D.C. :
National Academy Press
1996.
|
| Edición: | 1st ed |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820333206719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- THE CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE
- CONCLUSIONS
- Complexity of the Diet
- Carcinogenicity and Anticarcinogenicity
- Synthetic Versus Naturally Occurring Carcinogens
- Models for Identifying Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Epidemiologic Studies and Human Exposure
- Testing
- Dietary Factors
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- CLOSING REMARKS
- 1 Introduction
- STATEMENT OF TASK AND DELIBERATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE
- DEFINITIONS
- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
- REFERENCES
- 2 Naturally Occurring Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Diet
- EXPOSURE TO NATURALLY OCCURRING CHEMICALS
- THE COMPOSITION OF FOODS
- The Major Components
- The Minor Components
- Complexity and Variability
- Toxicants and Nontoxicants
- The functional Role of the Components of Food
- Dietary Plants and Cancer
- NATURALLY OCCURRING CARCINOGENS FORMED DURING PROCESSING OR CONTAMINATION OF FOOD
- Mycotoxins
- Pyrolytic Products
- CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN DIETARY CARCINOGENS
- Identifying Potential Human Dietary Carcinogens
- Constitutive Naturally Occurring Carcinogens
- Caffeic Acid
- Urethane (Ethyl Carbamate)
- Acquired Naturally Occurring Carcinogens: Aflatoxin B1
- Derived Naturally Occurring Carcinogens
- PhIP (2-Amino-1-Methyl-6-Phenylimidazo[4,5-b]Pyridine)
- N-Nitrosodimethylamine
- CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN DIETARY ANTICARCINOGENS
- EFFECT OF DIETARY MACRONUTRIENTS ON CARCINOGENESIS
- Calories
- Carbohydrates
- Fat
- Linoleic Acid
- Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)
- Bile Acids and Free Fatty Acids
- Protein
- Alcohol
- EFFECT OF DIETARY MICRONUTRIENTS ON CARCINOGENESIS
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
- Vitamin E (Tocopherols)
- Folic Acid
- Vitamin D and Calcium
- Selenium
- Iron.
- ENGINEERING AN OPTIMAL DIET
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 3 Synthetic Carcinogens in the Diet
- SYNTHETIC FOOD ADDITIVES
- OCCURRENCE AND EXPOSURE
- Drinking Water
- Foods
- MECHANISMS OF CARCINOGENESIS
- METABOLISM
- TOXICOLOGICAL COMPARISONS
- Nitrosamines
- Hydrazines
- Methylenedioxyphenyl Compounds
- Aromatic Amines and Related Chemicals
- Peroxisome Proliferators
- Phenolic Antioxidants
- Sodium Salts and Rodent Urinary Tract Carcinogenesis
- α2u-Globulin Binding Compounds
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 4 Methods for Evaluating Potential Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens
- METHODS FOR EVALUATING CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS
- Studies in Human Populations
- Epidemiology
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Genetic Markers of Susceptibility
- Biologic Markers of Internal Dose
- Biologic Markers of Biologically Effective Dose
- Early Biological Responses and Gene Mutations
- Other Types of Biologic Markers
- Screening Tests in Model Systems
- Structure-Activity Analyses
- Short-Term Tests
- Rodent Carcinogenicity Assays
- COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR EVALUATING NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC CARCINOGENS
- CRITERIA FOR SELECTING AND TESTING
- Carcinogens
- Anticarcinogens
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 5 Risk Comparisons
- MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION
- Sources of Information
- Sources of Variation in Food Composition and Consumption
- Factors Affecting Susceptibility
- DIETARY EXPOSURE TO POTENTIAL CARCINOGENS AND ANTICARCINOGENS
- Naturally Occurring Carcinogens
- Constitutive Exposures
- Derived
- Acquired
- Pass-Through
- Intentional Food Additives and Constituents of Spices
- Traditional Foods
- Synthetic Carcinogens
- Pesticide Residues in Foods
- Veterinary Drug Residues
- Packaging Materials
- Residues from Food Processing
- Direct Food Additives
- Anticarcinogens
- Fiber.
- Micronutrients
- Non-Nutritive Constituents
- Comparisons of Exposure Predictions for Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Carcinogens
- MEASURES OF CARCINOGENIC POTENCY
- Correlation Between Cancer Potency and Other Measures of Toxicity
- Interpretation of Carcinogenic Potency
- ESTIMATING HUMAN CANCER RISKS
- Risk-Estimation Methods
- Uncertainty Analysis
- Mechanistic Considerations
- Toxicologically Insignificant Exposure Levels
- Risks of Joint Exposures and Mixtures
- DIETARY CANCER RISKS
- Overall Impact of Diet on Cancer
- Impact of Dietary Constituents on Human Cancer
- Role of Calories and Fat
- Excess Calories
- Fat
- Risk Estimates Derived from Epidemiologic Studies
- Risk Estimates Derived from Toxicological Studies
- Apportionment of Dietary Cancer Risk
- Risks of Naturally Occurring Versus Synthetic Carcinogens in the Diet
- Potency of Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Carcinogens
- Distribution of Potency
- Interpretation of Results
- HERP Approach
- Additional Comparisons
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- OVERALL CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 6 Conclusions, Recommendations, and Future Directions
- CONCLUSIONS
- Complexity of the Diet
- Carcinogenicity and Anticarcinogenicity
- Synthetic Versus Naturally Occurring Carcinogens
- Models for Identifying Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Epidemiologic Studies and Human Exposure
- Testing
- Dietary Factors
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- Resources
- Fundamental Mechanistic Studies
- Epidemiology
- Rodent and In Vitro Assays
- Analytic Methods in Structure-Activity Analyses
- Engineering a More Optimal Diet
- CLOSING REMARKS
- REFERENCES
- Appendix A Selected Substances in Food Subjected to Some Degree of Carcinogenicity Testing in Anima ...
- REFERENCES
- Appendix B Agents with Potential Carcinogenic Activity and Their Occurrence in the Diet.
- CAVEATS AND DISCLAIMERS
- TD01 ESTIMATION
- Appendix C Chemical Compounds Occurring in Dietary Plants that Have Been Reported to Inhibit Carcin.
