Veterans and Agent Orange health effects of herbicides used in Vietnam
| Autor principal: | |
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| Autor Corporativo: | |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Washington, D.C. :
National Academy Press
1994.
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| Edición: | 1st ed |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820307206719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Veterans and Agent Orange
- Copyright
- Foreword
- Preface
- CONDUCT OF THE STUDY
- Contents
- 1 Executive Summary
- ORGANIZATION AND FRAMEWORK
- CONCLUSIONS ABOUT HEALTH OUTCOMES
- Health Outcomes with Sufficient Evidence of an Association
- Health Outcomes with Limited/Suggestive Evidence of an Association
- Health Outcomes with Limited/Suggestive Evidence of No Association
- Health Outcomes with Inadequate/Insufficient Evidence to Determine Whether an Association Exists
- Increased Risk in Vietnam Veterans
- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
- Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans
- Mandated Research Efforts
- REFERENCES
- 2 History of the Controversy Over the Use of Herbicides
- MILITARY USE OF HERBICIDES IN VIETNAM
- Herbicide Development and Testing
- Use of Herbicides in Vietnam
- EARLY CONCERNS ABOUT THE USE OF HERBICIDES IN VIETNAM
- Early Accounts of Dioxin (TCDD)
- Concerns Over the Long-Term Use of Herbicides
- CONCERNS ABOUT EXPOSURE TO AGENT ORANGE
- Vietnam Veterans Return Home
- The Beginning of the Controversy
- AGENT ORANGE PRODUCT LIABILITY LITIGATION
- Class Action Suit
- CONCERNS ABOUT OTHER EXPOSURES TO 2,4,5-T AND TCDD
- Occupational Exposure
- Production Workers
- Agricultural and Forestry Workers
- Pulp and Paper Mill Workers
- Major Event Associated with Occupational Exposure to Dioxin (TCDD)
- Environmental Exposures
- Domestic Use of Herbicides
- Major Events Associated with Environmental Exposure to Dioxin (TCDD)
- THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S RESPONSE TO PUBLIC CONCERNS
- White House
- U.S. Congress
- Hearings
- Legislation on Agent Orange
- Office of Technology Assessment
- General Accounting Office
- Department of the Air Force
- Department of Veterans Affairs
- Health Care
- Research Efforts
- Compensation and Benefits
- Outreach Activities.
- Department of Health and Human Services
- Centers for Disease Control
- Environmental Protection Agency
- RESPONSE BY OTHERS TO PUBLIC CONCERNS
- State Governments
- Veterans' Advocates
- Australia and South Korea
- National Research Council and Institute of Medicine
- REFERENCES
- 3 The U.S. Military and the Herbicide Program in Vietnam
- MILITARY AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VIETNAM VETERANS
- Estimates of the Number of Military Personnel Serving in Vietnam
- Federal Estimates
- Other Survey Estimates
- Military and Demographic Characteristics
- Studies of Women Veterans
- THE MILITARY USE OF HERBICIDES IN VIETNAM
- Operation Ranch Hand
- Herbicide Formulations
- Military Herbicides
- Level of Toxic Contaminants
- Termination of the Program
- Disposal of Surplus Herbicides
- Ground Spraying of Herbicides
- The HERBS and Services HERBS Tapes
- Geographical Distribution of Herbicide Sprays
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 4 Toxicology
- OVERVIEW
- Chemistry
- Exposure and Metabolism
- Carcinogenicity: TCDD
- Mechanism of Action
- Carcinogenicity: Herbicides
- Mechanism of Action
- Immunotoxicity: TCDD
- Mechanism of Action
- Immunotoxicity: Herbicides
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity: TCDD
- Mechanism of Action
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity: Herbicides
- Other Toxicity: TCDD
- Other Toxicity: Herbicides
- TOXICITY PROFILE OF TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN
- Introduction
- Exposure and Pharmacokinetics
- Bioavailability Following Various Routes of Exposure
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Mechanism of Action
- Introduction
- Ah Receptor
- Non-Ah-Mediated Toxicity
- Health Outcomes in Animal Studies
- Carcinogenicity
- Immunotoxicity
- Hepatotoxicity
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
- Reproductive Toxicity
- Neurotoxicity
- Metabolic Toxicity.
- Gastrointestinal Toxicity
- Respiratory Tract Associated Toxicity
- Cardiovascular Toxicity
- Corticosteroids
- Dermal Toxicity
- TOXICITY PROFILE OF 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID
- Introduction
- Pharmacokinetics
- Carcinogenicity
- Genotoxicity
- Acute Toxicity
- Chronic Systemic Toxicity
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
- Immunotoxicity
- TOXICITY PROFILE OF 2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID
- Introduction
- Pharmacokinetics
- Carcinogenicity
- Genotoxicity
- Acute Toxicity
- Chronic Systemic Toxicity
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
- Immunotoxicity
- TOXICITY PROFILE OF CACODYLIC ACID
- Introduction
- Pharmacokinetics
- Carcinogenicity
- Genotoxicity
- Acute Toxicity
- Chronic Systemic Toxicity
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
- Immunotoxicity
- TOXICITY PROFILE OF PICLORAM
- Introduction
- Pharmacokinetics
- Carcinogenicity
- Genotoxicity
- Acute Toxicity
- Chronic Systemic Toxicity
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
- Immunotoxicity
- REFERENCES
- 5 Methodologic Considerations in Evaluating the Evidence
- QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED
- Are Herbicides Statistically Associated with the Health Outcome?
- What Is the Increased Risk of the Disease in Question Among Those Exposed to Herbicides in Vietnam?
- BURDEN OF PROOF
- CATEGORIES OF EVIDENCE
- Experiments in Humans: Randomized Controlled Trials
- Experiments in Animals: Animal Models
- Controlled Epidemiologic Studies (Observational)
- Cohort Studies
- Proportionate Mortality Studies
- Case-Control Studies
- Case Reports and Case Series
- Information from Death Certificates
- Integration of Collective Results
- Meta-Analysis
- Considerations in Assessing the Strength of Scientific Evidence
- Strength of Association
- Dose-Response Relation
- Temporally Correct Association
- Consistency of Association.
- Specificity of Association
- Biologic Plausibility
- Other Considerations
- The Role of Studies of Occupational and Environmental Exposures
- NATURE OF THE CONCLUSIONS
- Quantification
- Resolution
- Uncertainty and Confidence
- Qualitative Aspects of the Review Process
- Comprehensiveness
- Neutrality
- Judgment
- SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE
- Categories of Association
- Increased Risk in Vietnam Veterans
- REFERENCES
- 6 Exposure Assessment
- AN OVERVIEW OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT FOR EPIDEMIOLOGY
- Hierarchy of Exposure Assessment Strategies
- Exposure Assessment for Cohort Studies
- Exposure Assessment for Case-Control Studies
- Exposure Misclassification
- Biomarkers
- Biomarkers for TCDD
- Chloracne as a Biomarker
- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT IN OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
- Occupational Studies
- Production Workers
- Agricultural/Forestry Workers
- Herbicide/Pesticide Applicators
- Paper and Pulp Mill Workers
- Environmental Studies
- Vietnamese Studies
- Conclusions on Exposure Assessment in Occupational and Environmental Studies
- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT IN STUDIES OF VIETNAM VETERANS
- Self-Reports
- Records-Based Measures
- Vietnam Service
- Branch of Service
- Combat Experience
- Military Occupation
- Reconstructing Estimated Exposure from Troop Location and Herbicide Spray Data
- The CDC Exposure Opportunity Index
- The CDC Agent Orange Study
- The Stellmans' Study
- Ranch Hand Exposure Index
- Biomarkers of Exposure in Vietnam
- CDC Agent Orange Validation Study (AOVS)
- ESTIMATES OF EXPOSURE TO HERBICIDES AND TCDD DURING VIETNAM SERVICE
- EXPOSURE RECONSTRUCTION
- Development of the Exposure Reconstruction Model
- Evaluation of the Exposure Reconstruction Model
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 7 Epidemiologic Studies
- OCCUPATIONAL STUDIES
- Production Workers.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
- Monsanto
- Dow
- BASF
- Other Chemical Plants
- Agricultural/Forestry Workers
- Cohort Studies
- Case-Control Studies
- Paper/Pulp Workers
- Other Occupational Studies
- ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
- Seveso
- Times Beach and Quail Run
- Vietnam
- Other Environmental Studies
- VIETNAM VETERAN STUDIES
- United States
- Ranch Hands
- Centers for Disease Control
- Department of Veterans Affairs
- American Legion
- State Studies
- Other U.S. Vietnam Veteran Studies
- Australia
- REFERENCES
- 8 Cancer
- CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY
- SPECIFIC ISSUES WITH REGARD TO HERBICIDE EXPOSURE IN VIETNAM
- EXPOSURE
- PLAUSIBILITY DATA
- EXPECTED NUMBER OF CANCER CASES AMONG VIETNAM VETERANS
- OVERALL CANCER
- Background
- Epidemiologic Studies
- Occupational Studies
- Environmental Studies
- Vietnam Veterans Studies
- Summary
- GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT TUMORS
- Background
- Epidemiologic Studies
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Strength of Evidence in Epidemiologic Studies
- Biologic Plausibility
- Increased Risk of Disease Among Vietnam Veterans
- HEPATOBILIARY CANCERS
- Background
- Epidemiologic Studies
- Occupational Studies
- Environmental Studies
- Vietnam Veterans Studies
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Strength of Evidence in Epidemiologic Studies
- Biologic Plausibility
- Increased Risk of Disease Among Vietnam Veterans
- NASAL/NASOPHARYNGEAL CANCER
- Background
- Epidemiologic Studies
- Conclusions
- Strength of Evidence in Epidemiologic Studies
- Biologic Plausibility
- Increased Risk of Disease Among Vietnam Veterans
- RESPIRATORY CANCERS
- Background
- Epidemiologic Studies
- Occupational Studies
- Environmental Studies
- Vietnam Veterans Studies
- Epidemiologic Studies of Laryngeal Cancer
- Summary
- Conclusions.
- Strength of Evidence in Epidemiologic Studies.
