Military strategies for sustainment of nutrition and immune function in the field

Military strategies for sustainment of nutrition and immune function in the field

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: Institute of Medicine Staff (corporate author)
Autores Corporativos: Institute of Medicine Staff Corporate Author (corporate author), Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Military Nutrition Research (-)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, DC : National Academy Press c1999.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Nutrition.
Immune system.
Soldiers > United States > Nutrition.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009820248806719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field
  • Copyright
  • PREFACE
  • HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE
  • COMMITTEE TASKS AND PROCEDURES
  • ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • Contents
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • COMMITTEE'S TASK
  • OVERVIEW OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND IMMUNE FUNCTION
  • Background
  • FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
  • Nutritional Status
  • Nutritional Supplements
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Optimizing General Health Status
  • Optimizing Nutritional Status
  • Nutritional Supplement Use
  • Research Methodology
  • RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
  • REFERENCES
  • I COMMITTEE SUMMARY, RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • 1 A Review of the Role of Nutrition in Immune Function
  • THE COMMITTEE'S TASK
  • STAGE SETTING: THE MILITARY SITUATION
  • The Army's Interest in Nutrition and Immune Function
  • U.S. Army Training Courses
  • Norwegian Ranger Training
  • INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNE FUNCTION
  • Current State of Knowledge of the Field
  • Emerging Infections, Nutritional Status, and Immunity
  • The Cytokine System
  • ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNE FUNCTION
  • Assessment Techniques
  • Considerations in Study Design
  • NUTRITION
  • Nutrients with Roles Implicated in Immune Function
  • Protein and Amino Acids
  • Vitamins
  • Fatty Acids
  • Amount of Fatty Acid Intake
  • Amount of n-6 PUFA
  • Amount of n-3 PUFA
  • Minerals
  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Copper
  • Selenium
  • Other Factors
  • Alcohol
  • HEALTH AND STRESS
  • Exercise, Infection, and Immunity
  • Hormonal Responses to Stress
  • The Stress Response Model
  • Neuroendocrine Consequences of Systemic Inflammation
  • Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal System
  • Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid System
  • Pituitary-Gonadal System
  • Growth Hormone
  • Inflammatory Stress and the Immune System
  • Biologic Rhythms in the Immune System and Nutrition.
  • Biologic Rhythms in the Number and Function of White Blood Cells
  • Biologic Rhythms in Cytokines and Their Inhibitors
  • Biologic Rhythmicity of the Humoral Immune Response
  • Potential Clinical Relevance of Biologic Rhythms in Immune Function
  • Factors That Interact with Circadian Rhythms in Immune Function
  • Chronopharmacology and Chronotherapeutics
  • Effects of Other Stressors on Immune Function
  • Extremes of Temperature
  • Exposure to High Altitude
  • Sleep Deprivation
  • Emotional Stress
  • Smoking and Environmental Pollutants
  • Effects of Combined Stressors
  • SUMMARY
  • References
  • 2 Committee Responses to Questions
  • RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS POSED BY THE ARMY
  • Technical Issues
  • Methodologic Issues
  • References
  • 3 Committee Conclusions and Recommendations
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • General Health Status
  • Nutritional Status
  • Nutritional Supplements
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Optimizing General Health Status
  • Optimizing Nutritional Status
  • Nutritional Supplement Use
  • Research Methodology
  • RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
  • References
  • II STAGE SETTING: THE MILITARY SITUATION
  • 4 Why Is the Army Interested in Nutrition and Immune Function?
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BACKGROUND
  • IMMUNE SUPPRESSION AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES TO OPERATIONAL STRESSORS
  • MILITARY MODELS TO STUDY OPERATIONAL STRESSORS
  • MECHANISMS OF INCREASED INFECTION SUSCEPTIBILITY: ARMY-USDA COOPERATIVE RESEARCH DATA
  • SPECIFIC NUTRITIONAL FIXES AND THE PROMISE OF IMMUNE SUSTAINMENT AND POTENTIAL SUPERIMMUNITY
  • DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS: ARMY RESEARCHERS AS THE HONEST BROKERS
  • AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS
  • References
  • DISCUSSION
  • 5 Physiological and Immunological Impact of U.S. Army Special Operations Training
  • INTRODUCTION
  • RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
  • RESULTS
  • Studies Involving Ranger Training
  • Studies Involving Special Forces Assessment and Selection Training.
  • AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • References
  • DISCUSSION
  • 6 Immune Function Studies During the Ranger Training Course of the Norwegian Military Academy
  • INTRODUCTION
  • The Ranger Training Course of the Norwegian Military Academy
  • IMMUNE CHANGES DURING NORWEGIAN RANGER TRAINING
  • Changes in Parameters of Immune Function
  • Leukocyte Numbers
  • Plasma Levels of Immunoglobulins
  • Interleukins
  • Lymphocyte Mitogenic Response
  • Changes in Phagocyte Function
  • Granulocyte Functions
  • Monocytes
  • Effect of Reducing the Calorie Deficiency
  • Neuropeptide Effect During Norwegian Ranger Training
  • Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
  • Catecholamines
  • Adrenoglucocorticoid Regulation of Phagocyte Function in Animal Studies
  • AUTHOR'S SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • References
  • DISCUSSION
  • III INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNE FUNCTION
  • 7 Nutrition and Immune Responses: What Do We Know?
  • INTRODUCTION
  • GENERAL CONCEPTS
  • IMMUNE RESPONSES IN ALTERED NUTRITIONAL STATUS
  • Nutrient Deficiencies
  • Nutrient Excesses
  • OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING IMMUNE RESPONSES
  • NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR BOOSTING IMMUNITY
  • CONCLUDING REMARKS
  • References
  • DISCUSSION
  • 8 Cytokines and Nutritional Status: Possible Correlations and Investigations
  • INTRODUCTION
  • What Are the Cytokines?
  • The Nature of the Cytokines
  • Biochemistry
  • Mode of Action
  • Principles of Cytokine Action
  • Cytokine Experimentation
  • Classification of the Cytokines
  • Inflammatory Cytokines
  • T- and B-Lymphocyte Growth Factors
  • Hematopoietic Growth and Differentiation Factors
  • Chemotactic Agents
  • Inhibitory/Regulatory Factors
  • Cytotoxic/Cytostatic Inducers and Effectors
  • Other Growth Factors
  • Measurement of Cytokines
  • Sample Types and Preparation
  • Clinical Use of Cytokines
  • Cytokines and Nutrition: Author's Observations and Recommendations
  • References.
  • DISCUSSION
  • IV ASSESSMENT
  • 9 Methodological Issues in Assessment of Human Immune Function
  • INTRODUCTION
  • RATIONALE FOR IMMUNE ASSESSMENT
  • THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
  • SELECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEST SYSTEM
  • In Vivo Assessment of Immune Response
  • In Vitro Assessment of Immune Response
  • Proliferative Response
  • Development of Effector Cell Response
  • Assessment of Cell Types by Flow Cytometry
  • AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS
  • References
  • DISCUSSION
  • 10 Application of Whole-Blood Cultures to Field Study Measurements of Cellular Immune Function In Vitro
  • BACKGROUND
  • METHODS AND RESULTS
  • Blood Donors
  • Blood Collection
  • Lymphocyte Proliferation in Whole-Blood Cultures
  • Amount of Blood per Culture
  • Duration of Incubation of Whole-Blood Cultures
  • Duration of 3H-Thymidine Label of Whole-Blood Cultures
  • Finalized Durations of Cell Culture and 3H-Thymidine Labeling
  • Data Presentation of Lymphocyte Proliferation in Whole-Blood Cultures
  • Effects of Holding and Shipping Blood on Whole-Blood Lymphocyte Proliferation
  • Cytokine Production and Receptor Release In Vitro
  • Concentration of Stimulant per Culture
  • AUTHOR'S CONCLUSION
  • References
  • DISCUSSION
  • V NUTRITION
  • 11 Glutamine
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PHYSIOLOGIC BIOCHEMISTRY
  • GLUTAMINE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION
  • GLUTAMINE AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
  • AUTHOR'S DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
  • References
  • DISCUSSION
  • 12 Vitamin A and Immune Function
  • INTRODUCTION
  • CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
  • VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY IN ADULTS
  • VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY AS AN IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDER
  • CONSIDERATIONS FOR ADULT MEN AND WOMEN
  • AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS
  • References
  • DISCUSSION
  • 13 Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and Immune Response: Recent Advances
  • INTRODUCTION
  • AGING
  • Vitamin E
  • Vitamin C
  • CANCER
  • AIDS.
  • ASTHMA AND LUNG FUNCTION
  • EXERCISE
  • AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • References
  • DISCUSSION
  • 14 Fatty Acids and Immune Functions
  • INTRODUCTION
  • AMOUNT OF FAT INTAKE AND HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE
  • N-6 PUFA AND HUMAN IR
  • N-3 PUFA AND HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE
  • CLINICAL TRIALS WITH N-3 PUFA
  • MECHANISMS BY WHICH DIETARY FAT ALTERS IMMUNE RESPONSE
  • AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • References
  • DISCUSSION
  • 15 Iron Metabolism, Microbial Virulence, and Host Defenses
  • INTRODUCTION
  • IRON METABOLISM
  • IRON ACQUISITION BY MICROBES
  • EFFECTS OF IRON DEFICIENCY ON IMMUNE FUNCTION
  • EFFECTS OF IRON EXCESS ON IMMUNE FUNCTION
  • CLINICAL DATA IN IRON DEFICIENCY AND IRON EXCESS
  • IMPLICATIONS OF IRON DEFICIENCY FOR THE MILITARY
  • References
  • DISCUSSION
  • 16 Trace Minerals, Immune Function, and Viral Evolution
  • INTRODUCTION
  • ZINC
  • COPPER
  • Cu-Zn Interactions
  • SELENIUM
  • AUTHOR'S SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  • References
  • DISCUSSION
  • VI HEALTH AND STRESS
  • 17 Exercise, Infection, and Immunity: Practical Applications
  • INTRODUCTION
  • EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO ACUTE EXERCISE BOUTS
  • Mechanisms Behind the Acute Immune Response to Exercise
  • Practical Applications for Exercise Prescription
  • CHRONIC EXERCISE AND IMMUNITY
  • NK Cell Activity
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Prospective Studies
  • Neutrophil Function
  • T-Cell Function
  • Other Measures of Immunity
  • Practical Applications for Exercise Prescription
  • EXERCISE AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
  • The J Curve
  • Heavy Exertion and Risk of URTI
  • Moderate Exercise and Risk of URTI
  • Public Health Recommendations
  • INFECTION AND EXERCISE PERFORMANCE
  • Exercise Recommendations During Infection
  • EXERCISE AND HIV INFECTION
  • Practical Recommendations
  • EXERCISE, AGING, AND IMMUNITY.
  • PRACTICAL GUIDELINES FOR MILITARY RECRUITS AND ATHLETES.

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