Consumption Tax Trends 2022.

Consumption Tax Trends 2022.

Consumption Tax Trends provides information on Value Added Taxes/Goods and Services Taxes (VAT/GST) and excise duty rates in OECD member countries. It also contains information about international aspects of VAT/GST developments and the efficiency of this tax.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: OECD (-)
Autor Corporativo: OECD, author, issuing body (author)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Paris : Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development 2022.
Edición:1st ed
Colección:Consumption Tax Trends Series
Materias:
Electronic books.
Taxation > Social aspects.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009707511206719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Acknowledgements
  • Acronyms
  • Executive summary
  • Main consumption tax trends in OECD countries
  • The VAT Revenue Ratio for OECD countries
  • 1 Consumption tax revenue: Main figures and trends
  • 1.1. Introduction
  • 1.1.1. Classification of consumption taxes
  • 1.1.2. Structure of this chapter
  • 1.2. Evolution of consumption tax revenues
  • 1.2.1. Consumption taxes account for 30% of total tax revenue in OECD countries, on average
  • 1.2.2. General consumption taxes generate twice as much tax revenue as specific consumption taxes
  • 1.2.3. VAT remains the largest source of consumption tax revenues, by far
  • 1.2.4. Taxes on specific goods and services now account for less than 10% of total taxes
  • 1.2.5. The composition of consumption taxes has fundamentally changed over time
  • 1.2.6. The impact of COVID-19 on VAT and excises
  • 1.3. Main features of VAT design
  • 1.3.1. VAT is the main consumption tax for countries around the world
  • VAT is a tax on final consumption
  • VAT is collected under a staged collection process
  • The core principle of VAT neutrality
  • 1.3.2. VAT has now been implemented in 174 countries worldwide
  • 1.4. Retail sales taxes and their application in the United States
  • 1.5. Excise as an instrument to influence consumer behaviour
  • References
  • Annex 1.A. Consumption taxes revenue
  • 2 Value-added taxes - Main design features and trends
  • 2.1. Introduction
  • 2.2. The evolution of VAT rates
  • 2.2.1. Standard VAT rates remained stable in recent years
  • 2.2.2. OECD countries continue to apply a wide variety of reduced rates mainly as a means to promote equity and/or to stimulate certain sectors
  • 2.2.3. Temporary VAT rate reductions have been used in response to the COVID-19 crisis and to rising energy costs.
  • Most OECD countries have introduced temporary VAT rate reductions in response to the COVID-19 crisis
  • Some countries have recently introduced or announced temporary reduced VAT rates to cushion the impact of the sharp rise in energy prices
  • 2.3. Exemptions
  • 2.3.1. OECD countries make extensive use of VAT exemptions
  • 2.3.2. Exemptions have a number of undesirable effects
  • 2.4. Restrictions to the right to deduct VAT on specific inputs
  • 2.5. Registration and collection thresholds
  • 2.6. Usage of margin schemes
  • 2.7. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted VAT administration
  • 2.8. The application of VAT to digital trade
  • 2.8.1. The OECD standards present internationally agreed principles for the consistent application of the destination principle to cross-border trade in services and intangibles
  • Introduction
  • The OECD International VAT/GST Guidelines present internationally agreed principles for determining the place of taxation of cross-border supplies of services and intangibles
  • Digital platforms can play a key role in enhancing the efficiency and the effectiveness of VAT collection on online supplies to final consumers
  • The OECD Guidelines and standards have had a considerable impact on VAT policy reforms in OECD countries and beyond
  • 2.8.2. Addressing the challenge of VAT collection on imports of "low-value" goods
  • 2.9. Measuring performance of VAT: The VAT Revenue Ratio
  • 2.9.1. What does the VRR measure?
  • 2.9.2. The challenge of assessing the tax base
  • 2.9.3. The average VRR for OECD countries has remained stable
  • 2.9.4. A number of factors influence the VRR
  • 2.9.5. Policy and compliance factors influencing the VRR
  • 2.10. Combatting VAT non-compliance and fraud
  • 2.10.1. VAT revenue losses from fraud and non-compliance remain significant.
  • 2.10.2. Reducing VAT non-compliance and fraud remains a priority for tax authorities
  • Almost all OECD countries apply domestic reverse charge measures to limit fraud risks in sectors that may be particularly vulnerable to VAT fraud
  • The split payment mechanism applies to a more limited extent
  • 2.10.3. Digital reporting requirements are on the rise
  • 2.10.4. Tax authorities are increasingly implementing or exploring strategies to manage VAT compliance risks in digital trade
  • 2.10.5. International administrative co-operation is critical for the effective management of international VAT risks
  • Greater need for administrative co-operation to tackle VAT fraud and non-compliance
  • The Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters is the most comprehensive instrument available for administrative co-operation
  • The European Union has adopted a range of tools for the exchange of information and other types of administrative cooperation in the area of VAT
  • References
  • Annex 2.A. Data on VAT rates and structures
  • Note
  • 3 Selected Excise Duties in OECD Countries
  • 3.1. Introduction
  • 3.2. Key characteristics and revenue trends
  • 3.2.1. Excise duties are typically targeted at specific product categories
  • 3.2.2. Excise revenue in OECD countries has seen a long decline
  • 3.3. Alcoholic beverages
  • 3.3.1. There has been a resurgence of taxation of alcoholic beverages as part of public health policies
  • 3.3.2. Excise rates on beer vary widely among OECD countries
  • 3.3.3. Excise tax rates on wine vary from zero to more than USD 6 per litre in OECD countries
  • 3.3.4. No zero-rates are applied to other alcoholic beverages than beer and wine
  • 3.4. Tobacco products
  • 3.4.1. Given their nature, tobacco products have long been an attractive source of revenue for governments.
  • 3.4.2. The total tax burden on cigarettes is above 60% of the consumer price in almost all OECD countries and above 75% in a majority of them
  • 3.5. Heating fuel oil
  • 3.5.1. In almost all OECD countries, heating fuel oil is taxed at lower rates than motor fuels
  • References
  • Annex 3.A. Excise duty rates
  • 4 Taxing vehicles and their use
  • 4.1. Introduction
  • 4.2. Taxes on road vehicles are increasingly designed to influence consumer behaviour for environmental purposes
  • 4.2.1. Taxes on the purchase and registration of road vehicles are increasingly used to induce consumers to buy less polluting vehicles
  • 4.2.2. While recurrent taxes on ownership or use also vary widely across OECD countries, they are used increasingly to pursue environmental objectives
  • 4.3. Taxation of road fuels
  • 4.3.1. The level of taxation of road fuels is generally high in OECD countries
  • 4.3.2. A number of OECD countries have temporarily reduced tax rates on road fuels to counter rising energy costs
  • 4.4. Aviation fuels are often subject to tax exemptions
  • References
  • Annex 4.A. Taxes on vehicles
  • Note
  • Annex A. Countries with VAT
  • Annex B. Exchange rates.

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