Energy Policies of IEA Countries: European Union 2014 Review
In October 2014, the European Union (EU) set ambitious climate and energy targets for 2030, confirming its global leadership on climate change. But while the targets are in place, the legal framework to implement them is yet to be developed. Energy Policies of IEA Countries: European Union – 2014 pr...
Autor principal: | |
---|---|
Autor Corporativo: | |
Formato: | Libro electrónico |
Idioma: | Inglés |
Publicado: |
Paris :
International Energy Agency
2014.
|
Colección: | Energy Policies of IEA Countries,
|
Materias: | |
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009706033806719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- 1. Executive Summary and Key Recommendations 11 -Executive summary 11 -Key recommendations 20 PART I. POLICY ANALYSIS 23 2. General Energy Policy 25 -Overview 25 -Supply and demand 27 -External energy relations 33 -Key EU climate and energy policies 35 -Assessment 49 -Recommendations 55 -References 55 3. Climate Change 57 -Overview 57 -Energy-related CO2 emissions 58 -Policies and measures 61 -Progress on GHG emissions, targets and projections 63 -Climate change vunerability and adaptation 72 -Assessment 74 -Recommendations 77 -References 78 4. Energy Efficiency 79 -Overview 79 -Institutions 81 -Targets and objectives 82 -Policies and measures 84 -Assessment 92 -IEA 25 energy efficiency recommendations 95 -Recommendations 96 -References 97 PART II. SECTOR ANALYSIS 99 5. Electricity 101 -Overview 101 -Supply and demand 102 -Regulatory framework 107 -Wholesale electricity markets 112 -EU electricity market developments 117 -Security of electricity supply 125 -Retail markets and prices 138 -Electricity retail prices 139 -Smart meters and smart markets 141 -Assessment 142 -Recommendations 146 -References 146 6. Oil 149 -Overview 149 -Supply and demand 150 -Oil market and infrastructure 156 -Regulatory framework 158 -Oil prices and taxes 159 -Security of oil supply 161 -Assessment 167 -Recommendations 170 -References 170 7. Natural Gas 171 -Overview 171 -Supply and demand 172 -Natural gas infrastructure 177 -Regulatory framework 183 -Common rules for the EU natural gas market 186 -Wholesale gas markets 192 -Natural gas retail markets 194 -Security of gas supply 197 -Assessment 211 -Recommendations 213 -References 214 8. Coal 217 -Overview 217 -Supply and demand 217 -Policies and measures 222 -Assessment 224 -Recommendations 225 -References 226 9. Renewable Energy 227 -Overview 27 -Institutions 228 -Policies and support measures 228 -Renewable energy in final consumption 229 -Assessment 245 -Recommendations 249 -References 250 10. Nuclear Energy 251 -Overview 251 -History 253 -Institutional framework 254 -Nuclear energy policy in the European Union: Safety, safeguards and security 256 -Plant upgrading, plant life management, and lifetime extensions 259 -Nuclear power plant construction 261 -Nuclear power plant and fuel cycle facility decommissioning 264 -Assessment 266 -Recommendations 268 -References 269 PART III. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY 271 11. Energy Research, Development and Demonstration 273 -Overview 273 -EU energy RD&D policies 274 -Funding 276 -Institutional framework 282 -Monitoring and evaluation 286 -International collaboration 286 -Assessment 287 -Recommendations 289 -References 290 PART IV. ANNEXES 291 Annex A: Organisation of the Review 293 Annex B: Energy Balances and Key Statistical Data 297 Annex C: International Energy Agency Shared Goals 303 Annex D: Glossary and List of Abbreviations 305