Canada 2016

Special Features: Network sector competition; Small business dynamism.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor Corporativo:	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, contributor (contributor)
Formato:	Libro electrónico
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Paris : OECD Publishing [2016]
Colección:	OECD Economic surveys (Series)
Materias:	Economic history. Canada > Economic conditions. Canada > Economic policy.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:	https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009704703306719

Tabla de Contenidos:

Intro
Table of contents
Basic statistics of Canada, 2015
Glossary
Executive summary
Activity is shifting from energy to non-energy sectors in response to price signals
Output is adjusting to lower commodity prices
Vulnerabilities related to housing and household debt are still increasing, albeit at a slower pace
Household debt and house prices are high
Productivity growth has been weak until recently
Multifactor productivity has stagnated
Assessment and recommendations
Figure 1. GDP per capita and labour productivity
Figure 2. Measures of well-being
Table 1. Selected socio-economic outcome indicators for Canadian Indigenous Peoples, 2011
Table 2. A comparison of the recoveries following the 1990-92 and 2007-09 recessions
Figure 3. Key challenges for the Canadian economy
Recent economic developments and near-term prospects
Table 3. Macroeconomic indicators and projections
Figure 4. Recent macroeconomic developments
Table 4. Possible extreme shocks affecting the Canadian economy
Box 1. Assessing potential macro-financial vulnerabilities
Box 1. Assessing potential macro-financial vulnerabilities (cont.)
Figure 5. Potential macro-financial vulnerabilities
Regional adjustments to terms-of-trade declines and policies to facilitate the sectoral shift
Figure 6. The rotation from energy to non-energy sectors and regional dynamics
Figure 7. Employment protection legislation in Canada is not restrictive
Figure 8. Public spending on labour market measures1
Box 2. Implementation of selected past Survey recommendations
Ensuring price and financial stability
Figure 9. Interest rates and household debt
Figure 10. House prices
Figure 11. Residential investment
Table 5. Canadian financial indicators
Fiscal policies to raise the incomes of all Canadians.
Figure 12. Public finances have improved in recent years
Table 6. Fiscal projections
Box 3. Canadian infrastructure provision and the efficiency of its use
Box 3. Canadian infrastructure provision and the efficiency of its use (cont.)
Figure 13. Infrastructure provision and perceived quality
Figure 14. GST/VAT and environmental taxes are relatively low in Canada
Debt sustainability
Figure 15. Government sector net debt over the long term
Boosting productivity and living standards
The benefits of greater competition in network sectors
Figure 16. Regulations and labour productivity in network sectors
Figure 17. Electricity prices in 2013
Figure 18. Foreign entry restrictions in telecommunications are high in Canada
Strengthening the internal market
Boosting productivity through greater small business dynamism
Figure 19. Small business dynamism has declined but remains in the middle of the range
Figure 20. Three-year survival and growth outcomes of micro start-ups1, 2
Figure 21. Product market regulation overall is less restrictive than in most other countries
Figure 22. Implied tax subsidy rates1 on R&D expenditures
Improving environmental policies to promote sustainability and productivity
Greenhouse gas emissions
Figure 23. Environmental indicators
Figure 24. British Columbia's carbon tax has resulted in lower petroleum-based fuel sales1
Other environmental issues
Figure 25. Contribution of domestic natural capital to GDP growth1
Figure 26. Burdens on the economy due to environmental policies
Bibliography
Annex Progress in structural reform
Thematic chapters
Chapter 1. Strengthening competition in network sectors and the internal market
Introduction
Figure 1.1. Labour productivity and regulation
Figure 1.2. Export competitiveness.
Unleashing competition in network sectors
Energy
Electricity
Figure 1.3. Sectoral regulation in the electricity sector
Table 1.1. Provincial electricity generation characteristics
Table 1.2. Provincial electricity market characteristics
Table 1.2. Provincial electricity market characteristics (cont.)
Figure 1.4. Electricity prices
Box 1.1. Electricity prices in Ontario and the Global Adjustment
Box 1.1. Electricity prices in Ontario and the Global Adjustment (cont.)
Figure 1.5. Electricity prices in Ontario
Figure 1.6. Residential electricity sales
Natural gas
Figure 1.7. Regulations in the natural gas sector are low
Figure 1.8. Natural gas prices1 are low in Canada, 2014
Recommendations to improve competition in the electricity sector
Telecommunications and broadcasting
Figure 1.9. Telecommunications quality indicators
Figure 1.10. Telecommunications prices
Figure 1.11. Telecommunications subscriptions
Figure 1.12. Foreign entry restrictions in telecommunications are high in Canada
Recommendations to improve competition in telecommunications and broadcasting
Transportation
Figure 1.13. Real average domestic air fares1
Figure 1.14. Regulation in the airlines sector
Figure 1.15. Ticket taxes and airport charges
Table 1.3. Airport taxes and fees
Figure 1.16. Railway performance and rates
Table 1.4. Regulations to facilitate competition in the Canadian rail sector
Figure 1.17. Sectoral regulation in the rail sector
Figure 1.18. Grain and non-grain freight rates
Recommendations to improve competition in transportation
Easing interprovincial barriers to trade and labour mobility
The Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT)
Box 1.2. Summary of internal trade agreements outside of the AIT
Interprovincial labour mobility.
Sectoral interprovincial trade barriers
Figure 1.19. Dairy producer support and prices
Recommendations to reduce interprovincial barriers to trade and labour mobility
Regulatory and institutional measures to encourage competition
Figure 1.20. Indicators of regulatory policy and governance1
Recommendations for institutional measures to enhance competition
Bibliography
Chapter 2. Boosting productivity through greater Small Business Dynamism
Small business dynamism has declined, weakening its contribution to productivity growth
Small business dynamism - what it is and why it is important
Small business dynamism has declined but remains in the middle of the OECD range
Figure 2.1. Small business dynamism has declined but remains in the middle of the range
Figure 2.2. Net job variation by surviving entrants over total employment1, 2
Figure 2.3. Decomposition of net job creation by surviving entrants relative to total employment1, 2
Figure 2.4. Young SMEs' share of total employment, gross job destruction and gross job creation1, 2
Figure 2.5. Three-year survival and growth outcomes of micro start-ups1, 2
Figure 2.6. Excess job reallocation rates have fallen owing to a fall in job destruction rates1
Box 2.1. Job reallocation rates in Canada and the United States
Box 2.1. Job reallocation rates in Canada and the United States (cont.)
Table 2.1. Job reallocation
The general business environment is favourable for the development of small businesses
Figure 2.7. Product market regulation overall is less restrictive than in most other countries
Figure 2.8. Timeliness of bankruptcy procedures and contract enforcement, 2015
Figure 2.9. Employment protection legislation in Canada is not restrictive
Figure 2.10. Framework policies and resource flows to patenting firms, 2003-10.
Figure 2.11. Venture capital investments are relatively high
Focusing SME programmes more on clear market failures
Table 2.2. Federal tax and spending programmes that support small business and entrepreneurship1, 20132
Financing programmes
Table 2.3. Rationales for government intervention to support innovative entrepreneurs
Box 2.2. Capital market efficiency in the presence of asymmetric information1
Box 2.2. Capital market efficiency in the presence of asymmetric information (cont.)
Figure 2.12. Progression of average statutory corporate income tax rates
Table 2.4. Labour tax rate, employee SSCs1 and combined statutory rates on dividends under basic and small business taxation, 2014
Figure 2.13. Marginal effective tax rates on small business,1 2010
Box 2.3. Calculating marginal effective tax rates on small-firm investment
Figure 2.14. The SBD does not alter incentives to grow but encourages tax planning
Recommendations to enhance the contribution to productivity of small business financing programmes
Enhanced R&D tax credits for small companies
Figure 2.15. Implied tax subsidy rates1 on R&D expenditures
Recommendation to achieve greater value for money from R&D subsidies
Non-targeted tax measures supporting entrepreneurship
Recommendation to re-orient capital gains taxation to provide greater support to innovative entrepreneurs
Increasing women's entrepreneurship
Table 2.5. Distribution of SME ownership
Figure 2.16. Self-employment differences by gender, 2015
Recommendation to support female entrepreneurship
Bibliography.

Canada 2016

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