The internet of things applications to the smart grid and building automation
An all-in-one reference to the major Home Area Networking, Building Automation and AMI protocols, including 802.15.4 over radio or PLC, 6LowPAN/RPL, ZigBee 1.0 and Smart Energy 2.0, Zwave, LON, BACNet, KNX, ModBus, mBus, C.12 and DLMS/COSEM, and the new ETSI M2M system level standard. In-depth cover...
| Autor principal: | |
|---|---|
| Otros Autores: | , |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Hoboken, NJ :
Wiley
2012.
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| Edición: | 1st edition |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009631849406719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- List of Acronyms xv
- Introduction xxiii
- Part I M2M AREA NETWORK PHYSICAL LAYERS
- 1 IEEE 802.15.4 3
- 1.1 The IEEE 802 Committee Family of Protocols 3
- 1.2 The Physical Layer 3
- 1.2.1 Interferences with Other Technologies 5
- 1.2.2 Choice of a 802.15.4 Communication Channel, Energy Detection, Link Quality Information 7
- 1.2.3 Sending a Data Frame 8
- 1.3 The Media-Access Control Layer 8
- 1.3.1 802.15.4 Reduced Function and Full Function Devices, Coordinators, and the PAN Coordinator 9
- 1.3.2 Association 12
- 1.3.3 802.15.4 Addresses 13
- 1.3.4 802.15.4 Frame Format 13
- 1.3.5 Security 14
- 1.4 Uses of 802.15.4 16
- 1.5 The Future of 802.15.4: 802.15.4e and 802.15.4g 17
- 1.5.1 802.15.4e 17
- 1.5.2 802.15.4g 21
- 2 Powerline Communication for M2M Applications 23
- 2.1 Overview of PLC Technologies 23
- 2.2 PLC Landscape 23
- 2.2.1 The Historical Period (1950 / 2000) 24
- 2.2.2 After Year 2000: The Maturity of PLC 24
- 2.3 Powerline Communication: A Constrained Media 27
- 2.3.1 Powerline is a Difficult Channel 27
- 2.3.2 Regulation Limitations 27
- 2.3.3 Power Consumption 32
- 2.3.4 Lossy Network 33
- 2.3.5 Powerline is a Shared Media and Coexistence is not an Optional / Feature 35
- 2.4 The Ideal PLC System for M2M 37
- 2.4.1 Openness and Availability 38
- 2.4.2 Range 38
- 2.4.3 Power Consumption 38
- 2.4.4 Data Rate 39
- 2.4.5 Robustness 39
- 2.4.6 EMC Regulatory Compliance 40
- 2.4.7 Coexistence 40
- 2.4.8 Security 40
- 2.4.9 Latency 40
- 2.4.10 Interoperability with M2M Wireless Services 40
- 2.5 Conclusion 40
- References 41
- Part II LEGACY M2M PROTOCOLS FOR SENSOR NETWORKS, / BUILDING AUTOMATION AND HOME AUTOMATION
- 3 The BACnetTM Protocol 45
- 3.1 Standardization 45
- 3.1.1 United States 46
- 3.1.2 Europe 46
- 3.1.3 Interworking 46
- 3.2 Technology 46
- 3.2.1 Physical Layer 47
- 3.2.2 Link Layer 47
- 3.2.3 Network Layer 47
- 3.2.4 Transport and Session Layers 49
- 3.2.5 Presentation and Application Layers 49.
- 3.3 BACnet Security 55
- 3.4 BACnet Over Web Services (Annex N, Annex H6) 55
- 3.4.1 The Generic WS Model 56
- 3.4.2 BACnet/WS Services 58
- 3.4.3 The Web Services Profile for BACnet Objects 59
- 3.4.4 Future Improvements 59
- 4 The LonWorks R Control Networking Platform 61
- 4.1 Standardization 61
- 4.1.1 United States of America 61
- 4.1.2 Europe 62
- 4.1.3 China 62
- 4.2 Technology 62
- 4.2.1 Physical Layer 63
- 4.2.2 Link Layer 64
- 4.2.3 Network Layer 65
- 4.2.4 Transport Layer 66
- 4.2.5 Session Layer 67
- 4.2.6 Presentation Layer 67
- 4.2.7 Application Layer 71
- 4.3 Web Services Interface for LonWorks Networks: Echelon SmartServer 72
- 4.4 A REST Interface for LonWorks 73
- 4.4.1 LonBridge REST Transactions 74
- 4.4.2 Requests 74
- 4.4.3 Responses 75
- 4.4.4 LonBridge REST Resources 75
- 5 ModBus 79
- 5.1 Introduction 79
- 5.2 ModBus Standardization 80
- 5.3 ModBus Message Framing and Transmission Modes 80
- 5.4 ModBus/TCP 81
- 6 KNX 83
- 6.1 The Konnex/KNX Association 83
- 6.2 Standardization 83
- 6.3 KNX Technology Overview 84
- 6.3.1 Physical Layer 84
- 6.3.2 Data Link and Routing Layers, Addressing 87
- 6.3.3 Transport Layer 89
- 6.3.4 Application Layer 89
- 6.3.5 KNX Devices, Functional Blocks and Interworking 89
- 6.4 Device Configuration 92
- 7 ZigBee 93
- 7.1 Development of the Standard 93
- 7.2 ZigBee Architecture 94
- 7.2.1 ZigBee and 802.15.4 94
- 7.2.2 ZigBee Protocol Layers 94
- 7.2.3 ZigBee Node Types 96
- 7.3 Association 96
- 7.3.1 Forming a Network 96
- 7.3.2 Joining a Parent Node in a Network Using 802.15.4 Association 97
- 7.3.3 Using NWK Rejoin 99
- 7.4 The ZigBee Network Layer 99
- 7.4.1 Short-Address Allocation 99
- 7.4.2 Network Layer Frame Format 100
- 7.4.3 Packet Forwarding 101
- 7.4.4 Routing Support Primitives 101
- 7.4.5 Routing Algorithms 102
- 7.5 The ZigBee APS Layer 105
- 7.5.1 Endpoints, Descriptors 106
- 7.5.2 The APS Frame 106
- 7.6 The ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) and the ZigBee Device Profile (ZDP) 109.
- 7.6.1 ZDP Device and Service Discovery Services (Mandatory) 109
- 7.6.2 ZDP Network Management Services (Mandatory) 110
- 7.6.3 ZDP Binding Management Services (Optional) 111
- 7.6.4 Group Management 111
- 7.7 ZigBee Security 111
- 7.7.1 ZigBee and 802.15.4 Security 111
- 7.7.2 Key Types 113
- 7.7.3 The Trust Center 114
- 7.7.4 The ZDO Permissions Table 116
- 7.8 The ZigBee Cluster Library (ZCL) 116
- 7.8.1 Cluster 116
- 7.8.2 Attributes 117
- 7.8.3 Commands 117
- 7.8.4 ZCL Frame 117
- 7.9 ZigBee Application Profiles 119
- 7.9.1 The Home Automation (HA) Application Profile 119
- 7.9.2 ZigBee Smart Energy 1.0 (ZSE or AMI) 122
- 7.10 The ZigBee Gateway Specification for Network Devices 129
- 7.10.1 The ZGD 130
- 7.10.2 GRIP Binding 131
- 7.10.3 SOAP Binding 132
- 7.10.4 REST Binding 132
- 7.10.5 Example IPHA / ZGD Interaction Using the REST Binding 134
- 8 Z-Wave 139
- 8.1 History and Management of the Protocol 139
- 8.2 The Z-Wave Protocol 140
- 8.2.1 Overview 140
- 8.2.2 Z-Wave Node Types 140
- 8.2.3 RF and MAC Layers 142
- 8.2.4 Transfer Layer 143
- 8.2.5 Routing Layer 145
- 8.2.6 Application Layer 148
- Part III LEGACY M2M PROTOCOLS FOR UTILITY METERING / 9 M-Bus and Wireless M-Bus 155
- 9.1 Development of the Standard 155
- 9.2 M-Bus Architecture 156
- 9.2.1 Physical Layer 156
- 9.2.2 Link Layer 156
- 9.2.3 Network Layer 157
- 9.2.4 Application Layer 158
- 9.3 Wireless M-Bus 160
- 9.3.1 Physical Layer 160
- 9.3.2 Data-Link Layer 162
- 9.3.3 Application Layer 162
- 9.3.4 Security 163
- 10 The ANSI C12 Suite 165
- 10.1 Introduction 165
- 10.2 C12.19: The C12 Data Model 166
- 10.2.1 The Read and Write Minimum Services 167
- 10.2.2 Some Remarkable C12.19 Tables 167
- 10.3 C12.18: Basic Point-to-Point Communication Over an Optical Port 168
- 10.4 C12.21: An Extension of C12.18 for Modem Communication 169
- 10.4.1 Interactions with the Data-Link Layer 170
- 10.4.2 Modifications and Additions to C12.19 Tables 171
- 10.5 C12.22: C12.19 Tables Transport Over Any Networking Communication / System 171.
- 10.5.1 Reference Topology and Network Elements 171
- 10.5.2 C12.22 Node to C12.22 Network Communications 173
- 10.5.3 C12.22 Device to C12.22 Communication Module Interface 174
- 10.5.4 C12.19 Updates 176
- 10.6 Other Parts of ANSI C12 Protocol Suite 176
- 10.7 RFC 6142: C12.22 Transport Over an IP Network 176
- 10.8 REST-Based Interfaces to C12.19 177
- 11 DLMS/COSEM 179
- 11.1 DLMS Standardization 179
- 11.1.1 The DLMS UA 179
- 11.1.2 DLMS/COSEM, the Colored Books 179
- 11.1.3 DLMS Standardization in IEC 180
- 11.2 The COSEM Data Model 181
- 11.3 The Object Identification System (OBIS) 182
- 11.4 The DLMS/COSEM Interface Classes 184
- 11.4.1 Data-Storage ICs 185
- 11.4.2 Association ICs 185
- 11.4.3 Time- and Event-Bound ICs 186
- 11.4.4 Communication Setup Channel Objects 186
- 11.5 Accessing COSEM Interface Objects 186
- 11.5.1 The Application Association Concept 186
- 11.5.2 The DLMS/COSEM Communication Framework 187
- 11.5.3 The Data Communication Services of COSEM Application Layer 189
- 11.6 End-to-End Security in the DLMS/COSEM Approach 191
- 11.6.1 Access Control Security 191
- 11.6.2 Data-Transport Security 192
- Part IV THE NEXT GENERATION: IP-BASED PROTOCOLS
- 12 6LoWPAN and RPL 195
- 12.1 Overview 195
- 12.2 What is 6LoWPAN? 6LoWPAN and RPL Standardization 195
- 12.3 Overview of the 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer 196
- 12.3.1 Mesh Addressing Header 197
- 12.3.2 Fragment Header 198
- 12.3.3 IPv6 Compression Header 198
- 12.4 Context-Based Compression: IPHC 200
- 12.5 RPL 202
- 12.5.1 RPL Control Messages 204
- 12.5.2 Construction of the DODAG and Upward Routes 204
- 12.6 Downward Routes, Multicast Membership 206
- 12.7 Packet Routing 207
- 12.7.1 RPL Security 208
- 13 ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0 209
- 13.1 REST Overview 209
- 13.1.1 Uniform Interfaces, REST Resources and Resource Identifiers 209
- 13.1.2 REST Verbs 210
- 13.1.3 Other REST Constraints, and What is REST After All? 211
- 13.2 ZigBee SEP 2.0 Overview 212.
- 13.2.1 ZigBee IP 213
- 13.2.2 ZigBee SEP 2.0 Resources 214
- 13.3 Function Sets and Device Types 217
- 13.3.1 Base Function Set 218
- 13.3.2 Group Enrollment 221
- 13.3.3 Meter 223
- 13.3.4 Pricing 223
- 13.3.5 Demand Response and Load Control Function Set 224
- 13.3.6 Distributed Energy Resources 227
- 13.3.7 Plug-In Electric Vehicle 227
- 13.3.8 Messaging 230
- 13.3.9 Registration 231
- 13.4 ZigBee SE 2.0 Security 232
- 13.4.1 Certificates 232
- 13.4.2 IP Level Security 232
- 13.4.3 Application-Level Security 235
- 14 The ETSI M2M Architecture 237
- 14.1 Introduction to ETSI TC M2M 237
- 14.2 System Architecture 238
- 14.2.1 High-Level Architecture 238
- 14.2.2 Reference Points 239
- 14.2.3 Service Capabilities 240
- 14.3 ETSI M2M SCL Resource Structure 242
- 14.3.1 SCL Resources 244
- 14.3.2 Application Resources 244
- 14.3.3 Access Right Resources 248
- 14.3.4 Container Resources 248
- 14.3.5 Group Resources 250
- 14.3.6 Subscription and Notification Channel Resources 251
- 14.4 ETSI M2M Interactions Overview 252
- 14.5 Security in the ETSI M2M Framework 252
- 14.5.1 Key Management 252
- 14.5.2 Access Lists 254
- 14.6 Interworking with Machine Area Networks 255
- 14.6.1 Mapping M2M Networks to ETSI M2M Resources 256
- 14.6.2 Interworking with ZigBee 1.0 257
- 14.6.3 Interworking with C.12 262
- 14.6.4 Interworking with DLMS/COSEM 264
- 14.7 Conclusion on ETSI M2M 266
- Part V KEY APPLICATIONS OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS
- 15 The Smart Grid 271
- 15.1 Introduction 271
- 15.2 The Marginal Cost of Electricity: Base and Peak Production 272
- 15.3 Managing Demand: The Next Challenge of Electricity Operators . . . and / Why M2M Will Become a Key Technology 273
- 15.4 Demand Response for Transmission System Operators (TSO) 274
- 15.4.1 Grid-Balancing Authorities: The TSOs 274
- 15.4.2 Power Shedding: Who Pays What? 276
- 15.4.3 Automated Demand Response 277
- 15.5 Case Study: RTE in France 277
- 15.5.1 The Public-Network Stabilization and Balancing Mechanisms in France 277.
- 15.5.2 The Bidding Mechanisms of the Tertiary Adjustment Reserve 281
- 15.5.3 Who Pays for the Network-Balancing Costs? 283
- 15.6 The Opportunity of Smart Distributed Energy Management 285
- 15.6.1 Assessing the Potential of Residential and Small-Business Powerz Shedding (Heating/Cooling Control) 286
- 15.6.2 Analysis of a Typical Home 287
- 15.6.3 The Business Case 293
- 15.7 Demand Response: The Big Picture 300
- 15.7.1 From Network Balancing to Peak-Demand Suppression 300
- 15.7.2 Demand Response Beyond Heating Systems 304
- 15.8 Conclusion: The Business Case of Demand Response and Demand Shifting is a Key Driver for the Deployment of the Internet of Things 305
- 16 Electric Vehicle Charging 307
- 16.1 Charging Standards Overview 307
- 16.1.1 IEC Standards Related to EV Charging 310
- 16.1.2 SAE Standards 317
- 16.1.3 J2293 318
- 16.1.4 CAN / Bus 319
- 16.1.5 J2847: The New “Recommended Practice” for High-Level / Communication Leveraging the ZigBee Smart Energy Profile 2.0 320
- 16.2 Use Cases 321
- 16.2.1 Basic Use Cases 321
- 16.2.2 A More Complex Use Case: Thermal Preconditioning of the Car 323
- 16.3 Conclusion 324
- Appendix A Normal Aggregate Power Demand of a Set of Identical / Heating Systems with Hysteresis 327
- Appendix B Effect of a Decrease of Tref. The Danger of Correlation 329
- Appendix C Changing Tref without Introducing Correlation 331
- C.1 Effect of an Increase of Tref 331
- Appendix D Lower Consumption, A Side Benefit of Power Shedding 333
- Index 337.
