History of engineering & technology Technology: general issues adsorption aggregate alkaline activation alkali–silicate reaction anionic dye bioblends carbonation cationic dye cement mortar ceramic residue compatibilization durability tests experimental design firing parameters high-density biopolyethylene kaolin palygorskite perlite tailings poly (lactic acid) pozzolanic activity red ceramic scheelite tailings solid residues sustainable ceramic mass water treatment