Bioassays History of engineering & technology Materials science Raman spectroscopy Technology: general issues adsorption antioxidants bi-enzyme biosensor biosensor biosensors breast cancer screening capacitive field-effect sensor chromatography deep sparse autoencoder deep-learning features diagnostics dimensionality reduction dithiocarbamate fungicides electromagnetic piezoelectric acoustic sensor endocrine disrupting compounds enzyme inhibition enzyme-logic gate extracellular vesicle fluorescent proteins high performance thin layer chromatography imaging biomarker nanomaterials penicillinase quartz sensors