3D printing AHP HAZ History of engineering & technology Ti-6Al-4V Ti-6Al-4V-ELI Ti6Al4V Titanium alloys additive manufacturing atrophic maxilla barrel grinding biomechanical analysis biomechanics corrosion cranioplasty plates decision-making dental implant(s) diffraction line profile analysis direct metal deposition (DMD) electrical stimulation electron beam melting (EBM) evidence-based medicine extended convolution multiple whole profile (eCMWP) fatigue finite element analysis fracture gradient structure grain refinement implanted electrodes in vitro