3D electrospinning Curie temperature Galfenol History of engineering & technology MEMS structure Ni-Mn-Ga film PVDF PVDF fibers Technology: general issues UV-Vis absorption double-clamped dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) dynamic stability electrical potential and energy electrodes pair energy harvesting finite element method finite element model finite element simulation glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite human body movements iron (Fe) modified MgFeAl LDH iron-gallium layered double hydroxide solar cell (LDHSC) lead-free piezoceramics low-power devices lumped-element modelling magnetic shape memory films magnetization change magnetostrictive