Chenab river Czech Republic Emilia Apennines (Northern Italy) GIS History of engineering & technology Iran Loess Plateau Northern Al-Kabeer river Syria PCA analysis R-factor RADKLIM RUSLE RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) Technology: general issues USLE WaTEM/SEDEM area-slope approach armed conflict badlands comparability connection degree connection mode dynamic erosion model event scale field measurement freeze-thaw cycles gully geometry gully head-cuts hydraulic parameter infiltration