History of engineering & technology CO2 emissions DC distributed systems DC grid HVAC systems Levenberg-Marquardt method Nash equilibrium S-transform TSTTC of transmission lines active damping bound constrained optimization carrier displacement angle combined heat and power system commercial buildings coordination of protection relay damping torque day-ahead thermal generation scheduling dissemination distributed energy systems distribution line distribution resource distribution-system planning double Fourier integral analysis double-carrier phase-disposition pulse width modulation double-layer optimal scheduling dynamic market dynamic performance economic environmental dispatch eigenvalue analysis electric boiler